211201 1015 Cypress Phone Call Follow-UpFrom:Peter Grant
To:"arianna@communicationslab.com"
Subject:Cypress Phone Call Follow-Up
Date:Wednesday, December 1, 2021 10:14:37 AM
Attachments:City of Orange Voting Right FAQs.pdf
Hi Arianna,
Thanks again for taking time to chat yesterday. Here is a bit more information (all still conceptual):
· Three community forums: January 19, February 15 and February 26
· We plan to record the presentation portion of first forum and make it available for residents
to watch and then provide written or voicemail comment
· The agenda looks something like:
o Mayoral welcome (< 5 minutes)
o Neutral third party informational presentation (20ish minutes)
o Council Member advocacy for at-large and for by-district formats (maximum 5
minutes with one person speaking on each side)
o Community input (3 minute limit and everyone who wants to speak will be provided
the opportunity – no end time)
· The neutral third-party informational presentation should run about 20 minutes and cover
(at least): CVRA, demographics, recent election results, compare at-large and by-district,
other agencies’ litigation experience, the decision the City Council faces, process if the City
Council chooses to move toward by-district elections
Orange produced a good FAQ I shared with the ad hoc subcommittee. I’m sure you’ve seen it before,
but I attached it.
Pete
Peter Grant
City Manager
City of Cypress
Office 714-229-6680
Cellular 714-335-1685
pgrant@cypressca.org
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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) - Moving to
District Elections
What are the Federal and California Voting Rights Acts?
The Federal Voting Rights Act (FVRA) was adopted in 1965. Section 2 of the FVRA prohibits all
voting practices or procedures that result in the denial or abridgement of the right of any citizen to
vote on account of race, color, or membership in a language minority group.
The California Voting Rights Act (CVRA) was passed by the California State Legislature in 2002
and specifically targets at-large election systems. It prohibits such systems from being “imposed
or applied in a manner that impairs the ability of a protected class to elect candidates of its choice
or its ability to influence the outcome of an election.” Upon finding a violation of the CVRA, the act
requires courts to “implement appropriate remedies, including the imposition of district-based
elections that are tailored to remedy the violation.”
Why is the City or Orange considering changing its election process?
On July 10, the City of Orange reached a settlement with the Plaintiffs of the CVRA suit. The suit
sought an injunction against further at-large elections in the City of Orange. The settlement
resulted in a Stipulated Judgment cancelling the special at-large election originally scheduled for
November 5, 2019 to fill a vacant City Council seat. The City also agreed to move to by-district
elections starting with the general election in November 2020, and that there would be six voting
districts. The position of Mayor will remain a separately-elected office directly elected by the
voters every two years.
Even if the City of Orange prevailed under this specific legal challenge to its current at-large
system, the cost of defending a CVRA lawsuit is extremely high. Moreover, a successful defense
would not prevent a different plaintiff from suing the city in the future. The CVRA mandates that
prevailing plaintiffs be entitled to recover their attorneys’ fees and expenses.
The City of Orange is committed to excellent service to our residents, visitors and businesses.
Fiscal responsibility is a critical priority of city leadership. Diverting huge amounts of money for
protracted legal costs would impede our ability to do so at the levels our residents expect and
deserve.
What would happen if the City defended and lost a CVRA court case?
If the City mounted a legal defense of its current at-large system and lost, for one thing, the Judge
would have the final word in selecting a districting plan for the City. Orange residents may not be
able to participate by providing input. For example, in the CVRA case against the City of Santa
Monica, the judge imposed the district boundaries proposed by the plaintiffs without even one
public hearing. Under Resolution No. 11155 adopted by the City Council, residents will be
extensively involved in the district mapping process. As noted above, the City would also be
liable to pay the plaintiff’s reasonable attorneys’ fees.
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Have other cities encountered this? What did they do?
Hundreds of cities, school districts and other local agencies in California have faced similar
threats of court challenges in recent years. Locally, the latest cities to transition to district
elections include Anaheim, Costa Mesa, Dana Point, Fullerton, Garden Grove, Lake Forest and
Stanton.
Other cities have voluntarily adopted or been forced to adopt changes to their method of electing
City Council members. While some cities have settled claims out of court by agreeing to shift to
district elections, others have defended at-large elections through the court system and have
incurred significant legal costs because the CVRA gives plaintiffs the right to recover attorney
fees from the defendant-jurisdiction.
What kind of legal costs can be incurred from a CVRA lawsuit?
Legal costs are typically in the six- or seven-figure range regardless of the outcome. For example
the following cities spent large amounts of their budget on litigation, lost and still had to transition
to district-based elections.
Palmdale: $4.5 million
Modesto: $3 million
Anaheim $1.1 million
Whittier: $1 million
Santa Monica has reportedly spent $6-8 million defending a CVRA claim to date and the case
is still being adjudicated on appeal.
Why haven’t cities prevailed in defending these allegations?
There are many factors that contribute to success or failure in a lawsuit. These include: the law
under which the claims are brought; the specific facts involved in the case; the lawyers arguing
the two sides in the case; and the judge hearing the case. Generally, under the CVRA, the initial
burden of proof for plaintiffs is much lighter than under the FVRA. Some cases that have been
won under the CVRA would fail under the FVRA. The CVRA requires two showings to establish
liability: 1) racially polarized voting in the jurisdiction resulting in the inability of minority voters to
elect a candidate of their choice and 2) dilution or the abridgment of the rights of voters who are
members of a protected class. California judges have been more liberal in finding these factors
than federal judges. For example, even if there is no racially polarized voting in city elections, the
CVRA permits a plaintiff to use voting patterns in non-city elections to prove racially polarized
voting.
What has the City done to prepare for district elections?
On April 23, 2019, the City Council approved a resolution declaring its intention to transition from
at-large to district-based elections beginning in November 2020. The City Council also directed
staff to retain a qualified demographer, and other appropriate consultants, to provide a detailed
analysis of the City’s current demographics and any other information or data necessary to
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prepare a draft map that divides the City in voting districts in a manner consistent with the intent
and purpose of the Federal Voting Rights Act and California law.
The City will seek public input on the proposed district-based electoral maps before they are
adopted by the City Council.
The Council wants to ensure that City residents have every opportunity to provide input in this
important process.
What is the City’s current City Council election process?
The City of Orange currently elects City Council members through an at-large election process,
which means that each voter participates in the election of all members of the City Council. The
City’s mayor is separately elected by all the voters of the City and also sits on the City Council.
What are by-district elections?
In by-district elections the City is divided into Council districts. Each voter resides within one of
those districts and participates in the election of one City Council member who must also reside in
and be a registered voter of that district. State law permits cities to have district-based elections
for council members and a separately elected mayor as an electoral system in compliance with
the CVRA.
As of the General Election of November 3, 2020, Orange will have 6 districts. The Mayor will still
continue to be directly elected on an at-large basis.
What criteria are used to create Council electoral districts?
Many factors may be considered, but population equality is the most important. Race or ethnicity
cannot be the predominant consideration. Other factors may include, but are not limited to:
Communities of interest
Compactness of districts
Contiguity of district territory
Visible (natural and man-made) boundaries
Geography & topography
The City Council adopted a resolution indicating its intent to transition to district elections, and will
hold at least two community meetings where public testimony, suggestions, and community input
are heard to help develop criteria for drawing districts.
What are communities of interest?
A community of interest is a neighborhood or geographically defined group with shared interests
or characteristics that could be affected by district boundaries. Possible community of interests
could be defined by such things as:
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School attendance areas
Natural neighborhood dividing lines such as roads, hills, or highways
Areas around parks and other landmarks and public facilities
Homeowner associations
Common local issues, neighborhood activities or concerns
Single-family and multi-family housing units
Historical and other unique areas
Development goals
Local environmental concerns
Transportation corridors
What is the timeline for the change?
The city, in conjunction with the demographer, has established a schedule for soliciting public
input during the district mapping process.
April 23 Council adopted resolution of intent
May 14 Council to consider public meeting schedule
June 13 (Thursday) 7:00 pm Community Meeting / Public Hearing #1 held at
Grijalva Sports Center (368 N. Prospect Ave.)
June 26 (Wednesday) 7:00 pm Community Meeting / Public Hearing #2 held at
Shaffer Park (1930 N. Shaffer St.)
July 23 (Regular Council Meeting)Council receives report on feedback received at
first two community meetings and considers
districting criteria
August 1 Deadline for submission of draft maps by
members of the public
August 27 (Special Council
Meeting)
Draft maps are presented and public input is
received / Public Hearing #3 (maps must be
made available to public 7 days prior)
August 29 Deadline for submission of amendments to draft
maps submitted by members of the public
September 10 (Regular Council
Meeting)
Public Hearing #4 (amended maps must be
made available to public 7 days prior)
First Reading of Ordinance for districting maps
October 8 (Regular Council
Meeting)
Public Hearing #5/ Second Reading of
Ordinance
When will the new districts take effect?
The new by-district election system will begin with the November 2020 election.
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Who creates district boundaries?
A professional demographer has been hired by the City to assist in the creation of proposed
district boundaries based on extensive input gathered from residents and demographics. District
boundaries can also be proposed by members of the public. All draft maps will be made available
to the public 7 days before the public hearing at which they are considered. City Council will
ultimately adopt an ordinance documenting the final map.
How can I participate?
Residents will be invited to participate in a series of community meetings and public hearings as
noted above. Residents will also be provided with tools that will enable them to suggest district
boundaries. Residents can also communicate with the City about district boundaries by email
and in writing. To learn about next steps in the process please visit the city’s website at
www.cityoforange.org or call the City Manager’s office at (714) 744-2222.
Where can I learn more?
Contact the City of Orange City Manager’s Office with any comments or questions by calling
(714) 744-2222 or visit the city’s website at www.cityoforange.org.